Category Archives: b_original_articles

Arief Widyantoro, Hadiwiyono, Subagiya

Graduate School of Agronomy, Universitas Sebelas Maret in Surakarta, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Solo, Indonesia

Abstract

Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum F. sp. cubense (FOC) is an important disease on banana. Fusarium wilt was hard to control because the pathogen can survive in many kind of soils type although there is no host. Therefore, overcoming the disease is urgently needed to develop such as biological control. Biofertilizer bacteria, such as Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Streptomyces and Bacillus were begun to use as antagonist agent to the pathogen. This research aimed to study the mechanism of antagonism of the biofertilizer bacteria toward FOC. There were 4 isolates examined in vitro to test the production of chitinase, pectinase, and antagonism. The research showed that all isolates of biofertilizer bacteria were able to produce chitinase and pectinase except Azospirillum. Streptomyces and Bacillus were able to inhibit the growth of FOC colony at 80.45 and 87.71% respectively. Combination of Azotobacter to Streptomyces is compatible as well as Azospirillum to Bacillus. Azotobacter to Azospirillum is incompatible as well as Streptomyces to Bacillus.

Keywords: Banana, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Streptomyces, Bacillus

Raza Ali Rind¹, Abdul Wahid Baloch¹, Wajid Ali Jatoi¹, Muhammad Azeem Asad², Aamir Ali khokhar³, Feroz Gul Nizamani¹, Muhammad Rafique Rind⁴, Abdul Latif Nizamani⁵, Mir Muhammad Nizamani^3*

¹Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics Faculty of Crop Production, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Pakistan

²Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad, Pakistan

³Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China

⁴Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Crop Production, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Pakistan

⁵Agricultural Education Extension, Agricultural Social Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Pakistan

Abstract

In this analysis, the genetic diversity in 50 (25 commercial and 25 landraces) bread wheat genotypes were examined for phenotype, with a goal of revealing correlations between yield and 12 other common agro-morphological characters. An experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The mean squares values from analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences for all 13 character among the tested genotypes, indicating that these materials can be evaluated in further experiments. Based on mean performance, the commercial wheat variety NIA-Sundar and landrace T-23 produced the maximum grain yield per plot when compared to the other genotypes, demonstrating the importance of these two genotypes in wheat breeding programs. High heritability estimates (h2) were detected for all character, signifying that the variation observed was mainly under genetic control and was less influenced by the environment.  Hence, the improvement of this character can be made through direct phenotypic selection. The results also showed that spike length, grains spike^-1, grain weight spike^-1, tillers/m², seed index, and biological yield plot^-1 had positive and significant associations with grain yield plot^-1, demonstrating that genotypes having more of this character may be preferred in selection for generating high yielding bread wheat genotypes. Comparing the genetic variability between commercial and landraces of bread wheat through PCA, traditional wheat genotypes tended to possess more genetic variance in the first three components of PCA than its counterpart. That indicates that old wheat genotypes possess precious genetic resources; thus, these genetic resources should be cultivated in future breeding programs. Via cluster analysis, diverse parents have also been identified, signifying their importance for upcoming hybridization programs.

Keywords: Bread wheat, Genetic diversity, Commercial and Landraces Genotypes

Yacobus Sunaryo^1,2*, Djoko Purnomo¹, Maria Theresia Darini², Vita Ratri Cahyani¹

¹Department of Agricultural Science, Graduate School of Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia

²Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sarjanawiyata Tamansiswa, Yogyakarta 55164, Indonesia

Abstract

A research on the grafting of potato and black nightshade plants can be a new interesting report. This research was carried out in the greenhouse of Horticultural Seed Center Station in Pakem, Yogyakarta, Indonesia at an altitude of 780 m above sea level. In this research, a potato plant was used as the rootstock while a black nightshade plant was used as the scion. This research was conducted to examine the effect of grafting on tuber formation and endophyte dynamic of potato-black nightshade grafted with an application of liquid fertilizer made from goat manure. The plants consisted of three levels: potato plants, grafted plants, and black nightshade plants. Liquid fertilizer application consisted of two levels: without liquid fertilizer application, and with liquid fertilizer application. The liquid fertilizer was applied once a week in the range concentration of 1900-2000 µSCm^-1 with total volume 0.5 liter per plants. Tuber formation was affected not only by the grafting of the plants but also by liquid fertilizer application. Potato with liquid fertilizer application produced the highest weight of tubers. There were about 66 % of grafted plants that produced tubers with sprouts, around 21.5% that produced irregular tubers and 12.5 % that produced regular tubers. Application of liquid fertilizer resulted a larger total bacteria in potato plants, in black nightshade plants, as well as in grafted plants. A population of bacteria in grafted plants was accumulated more in the connected stem, whereas the total of bacteria in the lower connected stem (rootstock) was larger than that in the upper connected stem (scion).

Keywords: Black nightshade scion, Grafted plants, Potato rootstock, Goat manure, Liquid fertilizer

Yusnita Hamzah*, Revathi Subramaniam, Nor Hayati Ibrahim, Suhana Muhamad Hanidun

School of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia

Abstract

The characteristics of breadfruit starch after cross-linked using 2%, 5%, and 10% of a mixture of sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP)/ sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) (99/1% w/w) and their feasibility in batter formulation were investigated. The concentrations of 2%, 5%, and 10% of STMP/STPP led to high (85.99%) medium (64.43%) and low (49.59%) cross-linking degree of breadfruit starches, respectively. Swelling power of native and high cross-linked breadfruit starches (CLBS) were significantly higher than that of medium and low CLBS. In addition, enthalpy of gelatinization (ΔH) of high cross-linked CLBS was the lowest (1.81 J/g) among the others. Different degrees of cross-linking did not significantly affect the appearances (size and shape) and crystallinity of breadfruit starches. Batters were prepared by combining wheat flour and native or CLBS (1:1).  All batters behaved as shear-thinning fluids and batter with the highest cross-linking degree (CLBS with 2% STMP/ STPP) had the highest consistency (K, 0.46 Pasⁿ) compared to other CLBS formulations. Water retention capacity of batters containing native and high CLBS were significantly higher than batters containing medium and low CLBS. The pick-up of batter incorporated with low degree of CLBS (10% STMP/ STPP) was significantly lower than other batters. However, the cooking yield of batters containing native and different degrees of CLBS as well as their moisture and fat content were insignificantly affected. In summary, addition of 2% STMP/STPP as cross-linking agents obviously exhibited high  degree of cross-linking in breadfruit starch without change most of the starch and batter properties. It uses in other food application are worth studied.

Keywords: Starch, Cross-link, Breadfruit, Batter, Frying

Jawad Amin¹, Khuram Mubeen^1*, Matlob Ahmad², Mudassir Aziz¹, Muhammad Arif³

¹Department of Agronomy, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan

²Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan

³Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan

Abstract

Studies were conducted to examine the effect of legumes and oilseed crop strips on inter-cropping properties and yield related parameters during the Rabi season 2017-18 at three selected locations in Mithawan Hill Torrent (spate) irrigated fields of Dera Ghazi Khan Punjab- Pakistan. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) having three replications. The sole strips of chickpea, arugula (locally called taramira), lentil were evaluated. Chickpea-arugula alternate strip, chickpea-lentil alternate strip, arugula-lentil alternate strip and chickpea-arugula- lentil alternate strip in combination were also investigated. Data was analyzed through ANOVA technique and differences among the treatments were tested using HSD Tukey’s test. The obtained results shows that the Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) of sole chickpea was 0.97 and LER of strip intercropping was 1.79 which shows distinct advantage of strip intercropping. Relative Crowding Coefficient (RCC) value for chickpea, arugula and lentil were 25, 9.44 and 0.1, respectively when compared with the sole strip cropping. It shows that intercropping of chickpea and arugula were effective. Chickpea and arugula strip inter crop resulted in better LER and RCC with reasonable yield of both crops under the spate irrigated conditions of Mithawan hill torrent command area Dera Ghazi Khan Punjab (Pakistan). Area time equivalent ratio could not bring significant differences among the strip inter cropping treatments. Lentil could not succeed in strip inter cropping in spate irrigated situations of Mithawan hill torrent. The obtained results recorded maximum 1000 seed weight of chickpea (144.80 g) and arugula (4.72 g); seed yield of chickpea (800.16 kg ha^-1), arugula (433.14 kg ha^-1), respectively when both crops were grown in the form of separate sole strip. Hence for achieving maximum yield, the farmers of spate irrigated area of Mithawan hill torrent area should sow chickpea or arugula as a sole strip.

Keywords: Arugula, Chickpea, Inter cropping, Lentil, Mithawan hill torrent, Spate irrigated area, Strip cropping, Yield

Pantipa Na Chiangmai^1*, Monnat Yamying¹, Sivalai Thammachaisophis¹, Warisara Phuththa¹, Siraprapa Brooks²

¹Faculty of Animal Sciences and Agricultural Technology, Silpakorn University, Phetchaburi IT Campus, Cha-am, Phetchaburi, 76120, Thailand

²School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Muang district, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand

Abstract

The decline in rice production experienced by ethnic minority (Pa-gha-ker-yor) farmers at Pala-U village, Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, Thailand, has multiple causes. The effect, however, is threatening the sustainability and well-being of the local populations. The objective of this study is to determine the relative yield and yield components of upland rice varieties collected from these farmers, both inside and outside of forested areas. Such information is then used to help determine the most promising breed varieties for future cultivation. Correlation and path coefficient analysis were conducted for yield, yield components, and related characteristics in seven genotypes of upland rice. The research was conducted during planting seasons in 2015 and 2016 in Prachuap Khiri Khan and Phetchaburi provinces, Thailand, respectively. Results show a significant positive correlation between grain yield hill^-1 and seed number panicle^-1.  Though non-significant, positive correlations were found between grain yield and four other criteria: panicle length, tiller number hill^-1, plant height, and seed weight panicle^-1. In 2015 and 2016, as for path analysis, grain yield hill^-1 was directly influenced by factors either showed high positive effect such as: seed number panicle^-1, panicle length, plant height and percent of grain filling, or high negative effect as 100 seed weight. Seed number panicle^-1, percent of grain filling, seed weight panicle^-1, and plant height were shown to have an indirect effect on grain yield hill^-1. However, grain yield hill^-1 was negative indirectly influenced through other characteristics by percent of grain filling. As such, seed number panicle^-1, panicle length, and plant height demonstrated the greatest influence on yield may be considered as primary criteria, with percent of grain filling and seed weight panicle^-1 qualifying as secondary criteria for high yield selection

Keywords: Upland rice, Indigenous varieties, Yield components, Correlation coefficient, Path analysis

Raushan Blieva^*1, Nurlan Akhmetsadykov¹, Aigerim Zhakipbekova¹, Aigul Kalieva², Zhanar Rakhmetova¹

¹Department of Biochemistry, RPE Antigen, Almaty, Kazakhstan

²Aktobe Regional State University named after K. Zhubanov, Aktobe, Kazakhstan

Abstract

Proteases are among the most important hydrolytic enzymes which have great potential in various industrial processes such as leather, detergent, textile, food, feed industries. Although many microorganisms produce these enzymes, in the recent period Aspergillus fungi have most widely been used for proteases production. The production of protease enzymes has been affected by a variety of physical and chemical factors, such as inoculum concentration, time of incubation, pH, temperature, carbon, nitrogen and mineral sources etc. However, composition of the cultivation medium (carbon and nitrogen sources) play significant role in enzymes production. The aim of the present study was the selection of suitable carbon and nitrogen sources of Aspergillus awamori 16 and Aspergillus awamori 22 mixed cultures for maximal production of extracellular protease. Sucrose (4.2 U/ml) and peptone (4.8 U/ml) were found as the best carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively.

Keywords: Protease, Aspergillus fungi, Carbon sources, Nitrogen sources

Anam Sarwar¹, Sumera Afsheen^1*, Syed Shakeel Shah^2*, Sabila Afzal², Ahmed Zia³, Inamullah Khan⁴,  Yousaf Hayat⁵

¹Department of Zoology, University of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan

²Department of Zoology, University of Gujrat, Sub-campus Narowal, Punjab, Pakistan

³National Insect Museum, National Agriculture Research Centre, Islamabadm Pakistan

⁴Department of Plant Protection, Agricultural University Peshawar, 25130, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

⁵Department of Statistics, Mathematics and Computer Science, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, 25130, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Abstract

In the present study four plant oils including neem oil (Azadirachta indica), castor oil (Ricinus communis), mustard oil (Brassica rapa) and almond oil (Prunus amygdalus) were evaluated against Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera; Bruchidae) applied to mung bean (Vigna radiata) at a dosage of 10ml/kg. Free choice and no choice experiments were conducted to observe the oil effects on insect orientation, adult mortality, oviposition, adult emergence, seed weight loss and seed viability. All these oils showed 100% reduction in adult emergence and seed weight loss. Neem oil was proved to be most effective in oviposition deterrence as well as in deterring insects.  These oils also did not affect seed viability.

Keywords: Plant oils, Mung bean, Seed viability, Leguminosae, Callosobruchus maculatus

Adnan A. Lahuf^1*, Ola H. Jaafar¹, Zainab L. Hameed²

¹Department of Plant protection, College of Agriculture, University of Kerbala, Kerbala, Iraq

²Department of Field crops, College of Agriculture, University of Kerbala, Kerbala, Iraq

Abstract

The aim of this study was to develop an easy, fast, non-hazardous and inexpensive technique for extraction of genomic DNA from multiple plant fungal pathogens. Samples of pure fungal growth of Fusarium equesti , Neoscytalidium dimidiatum , Fusarium proliferatum and Alternaria alternata isolated from diseased wheat, grapevine, potato and lily plants respectively were ground with sterilized sand and NaOH (2N), followed by a centrifuging process to separate the sand grains and cellular components of fungi from the DNA. Subsequently, the DNA was mixed with Tris  buffer (1 M) pH 8. The ITS region of rDNA was successfully amplified, sequenced and analyzed from the extracted DNA of the four pathogenic fungi. This new approach provides a simple, rapid, safe and low cost way to obtain DNA samples of sufficient quantity and quality for use in molecular assays for the identification of plant fungi.

Keywords: DNA extraction, Fungi, PCR, Sequence, Phylogeny analysis

Arjay Julio, Wynsel Carven Tandoc, Hans Daniel Tipace, Yannah Franzine Vendivil, Zyrene Yanesa, Maria Violeta R. Tare, Elmar Jon Lactaoen, Ken Joseph Clemente

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Strand Strand, Senior High School, University of Santo Tomas, Sampaloc, Manila, 1015, Philippines

Abstract

Allelopathy is a biological process where plants affect, often inhibitory, the growth and germination of other species within their space. This study aimed to demonstrate and compare the allelopathic effect of Lantana camara and Chromolaena odorata leaf extracts on plant germination, with Vigna radiata as the test plant. Leaf extracts were assayed at 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% concentrations, and the corresponding allelopathic effects were compared to that of control. Findings indicated that L. camara and C. odorata leaf extracts inhibited V. radiata seedling growth and germination in increasing concentrations, with C. odorata leaf extract exhibiting greater inhibitory effect. The estimated marginal mean lengths (in cm) of root, hypocotyl, and epicotyl of V. radiata are 0.917, 5.937, and 3.263 under the control; 0.195, 0.813, and 0.499 under L. camara; and 0.101, 0.217, and 0.051 under C. odorata, respectively. Phytochemical analysis showed presence of several allelochemicals in both leaf extracts. These compounds were suspected to be the primary drivers of the observed allelopathic effect. It is suggested that the quantitative phytochemical analysis and herbicidal properties of L. camara and C. odorata be studied further.

Keywords: Lantana camara, Chromolaena odorata, Allelopathy, Invasive Alien Species, Bioassay