Category Archives: b_original_articles

Nurbailis^*, Endang Dwiki Ningrum, Jumsu Trisno

Department of Plant Protection, Agriculture Faculty, Universitas Andalas, Padang, Indonesia

Abstract

Fusarium wilt is one of the most destructive diseases in banana that needs to be addressed. We used T. viride -T1sk, an antagonistic fungus as well as a decomposer to decompose rice straw, and applied the resulted compost to banana seedlings infected by Fusarium wilt to find a dosage that potential to suppress the disease. A greenhouse study was conducted in RBD with seven treatments and four replications. The treatments were the dosages of T. viride-rice straw compost (g/seedling), they were 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 0 (Control I), and without compost (Control II). The parameters were the density of T. viride-T1sk in seedling’s rhizosphere, the appearance of the first symptom, the percentage of symptomatic leaves, and the intensity of corm damage. The result showed that the density of T. viride in rhizosphere of banana seedlings before planting differed significantly among the dosages. The highest density was found at the dose of 140 g/seedling (8.23 x 10⁴) which was not significantly differ with the doses of 120 and 100 g/seedling. Two months after planting, the density of T. viride in rhizosphere was increased. The highest density was found in the treatment of 120 g/seedling compost (9.85 x 10⁴) which was not differed with the doses of 140 and 100 g/ seedling.

Keywords: Banana seedling, Fusarium wilt, Rice straw compost, T. viride-T1sk

Wizna^*, Eka Putri Yanti, Robi Amizar

Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Andalas, Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the effect of the addition of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens into drinking water on the total colonies of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Lactobacillus sp, pH, and cellulase activity in the small intestine of domestic chicken in starter period. This study was used 200 days old of domestic chicken CP 808 kept for 8 weeks. Type of cage used 20 units cage measuring 85 cm x 70 cm x 30 cm which each unit contained 10 chickens. The study used the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments in 5 replications. Treatment was the addition of B. amyloliquefaciens into drinking water (without B. amyloliquefaciens, 45 x 10⁹ CFU/ml, 65×10¹⁰ CFU/ml, and 43 x 10¹² CFU/ml). The variables observed were the total colonies of B. amyloliquefaciens, Lactobacillus sp, pH, and cellulase activity in the small intestine of domestic chicken. The results showed that addition of B. amyloliquefaciens in drinking water of domestic chicken increased the total colonies of B. amyloliquefaciens, Lactobacillus sp, and cellulase activity in the small intestine, but did not affect the pH. The highest total colonies (B. amyloliquefaciens and Lactobacillus sp) and cellulase activity were found on the addition of B. amyloliquefaciens at a level of 43 x 10¹² CFU/gram. Meanwhile, the pH intestine added B. amyloliquefaciens tended to be lower than without B. amyloliquefaciens.

Keywords: Cellulase activity, Domestic chicken, pH, Total colonies, Waretha probiotic

Dwi Susanto^*, Zeti Ermiena Surya Mat Hussin

Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (UMK) 17600, Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia

Abstract

Kenaf (Hisbiscus cannabinus L.) is grown mainly for its fiber. In Malaysia, this species is relatively known as a new plant and has a potential to be cultivated and improved to produce high quality of fibers. Direct organogenesis of explants is one of the ways to provide high quality of seedling for the purpose. This study aimed to develop protocol for producing kenaf plantlets through direct organogenesis of explants. Different types of explants (shoot tips, nodes, leaves, and petioles) of kenaf were surface sterilized and cultured on the MS media supplemented with different combination of hormones. The results showed that shoot could be induced using different combination of hormones in both shoot tip and node cultures, but not in leaf and petiole cultures. On the other hand, root could form in all cultures easily even on MS basal media without hormones added.                                                                                   

Keywords: Kenaf, Hibiscus cannabinus, Java jute, Direct organogenesis, Explant

Rusda Khairati, Rahmat Syahni*

Social Economic Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Andalas University, Padang 25162, Indonesia

Abstract

Rice field conversion is a transformation of rice field function from rice production to other uses. The accumulation of the case will threaten Indonesian food security in the future if early anticipation is not prepared. The objectives of this research were to figure out the amount of rice field conversion and to identify a path of the impact of population increase on the rice field conversion in Padang city, Indonesia. This research was conducted in Padang city from July to September 2017. Data was collected from Statistics of Padang city and official documents of Padang city from 2006 to 2017. Variables are the number of population, per capita income, land for settlement, length of road constructed, price of rice, and area of rice field. The methods of analysis were trend analysis and path analysis using IBM SPSS 23 and Smart PLS 3 softwares. The result showed that there was about 31.9 ha/year of rice field converted to other uses in Padang city within the last ten years. The population increase cause the indirect impact on the rice field conversion. The impact of population increase on the rice field conversion passes through per capita income and land for settlement as mediating factors.

 Keywords: Path analysis, Population increase, Rice field conversion

Ita Mowidu^*, Kamelia Dwi Jayanti, Yulindatanari Ridwan, Dolfie Tinggogoy

Faculty of Agriculture, Sintuwu Maroso University, Poso, Indonesia

Abstract

Iron can be in form of crystalline, amorphous and organic in the soil. The objective of this research was to study the effect of compost application on soil organic Fe composition, Fe uptake and the plant content as well as rice yield at Inceptisol, in Meko. The treatment used was the application of 5 t ha^-1 compost that was mixture of rice straw and cocoa pods with various composition. The treatments were K0: without compost, K1: 100% straw compost, K2: 75% straw compost + 25% cocoa peel (CP), K3: 50% straw compost + 50% CP, K4: 25% straw compost +75% CP, and K5: 100% CP compost. Observations regarding Fe-p (Iron-organic) were recorded using selective solvents 0.1 M Na-pyrophosphate, likewise, Fe uptake; and rice yield were also estimated. The results showed that the application of compost had a significant effect on Fe-p at 40 and 70 days after planting (DAP), the Fe content in rice at 14, 40, 75 days and harvest time, as well as on Fe uptake at 40, 75 DAP and harvest time; However, it had no significant impact on grain weight per clump. The peak of Fe-p formation occurred at 40 DAP because of high Fe reduction. Rice Fe levels > 500 mg kg^-1 during observation followed by Fe uptake which continued to increase with increasing plant age. The yield of rice increased by 7.90-27.30% compared to control and 2.60-21.04% compared to the average yield according to the description of Inpari-1 variety.

Keywords: Compost, Fe content, Fe uptake, Organic Fe

Irvan Subandar¹, Lukman Hakim^2*, Irfan Suliansyah³, Syakur Syakur²

¹Student of Doctoral Program of Agricultural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Indonesia

²Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Indonesia

³Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Andalas, Indonesia

Abstract

Stem rot disease caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. and soil acidity are the two problems that need to be addressed on peanut cultivation in peatland. Dolomite addition not only reduces soil acidity but also affect fungal pathogenicity. To study this, we used split plot design with dolomite dosages of 0, 10, and 20 t ha^-1 as the main plots, and peanut varieties viz. Hypoma-1, Hypoma-2, Jerapah, Talam-1, Talam-2, Talam-3, Bison, and Takar-2 as the subplots. Three replications were used for these combinations. Dolomite dosages and peanut varieties interacted significantly on the pathogenicity of S. rolfsii at 15 DAI and filled pod percentage. The highest pathogenicity (30%) was found in Takar-2-20 t ha^-1 dolomite, while the lowest pathogenicity (1%) was found on Hypoma-2-0 t ha^-1 dolomite. The highest percentage of filled pods was on Bison-10 t ha^-1 dolomite (79%), and the lowest was on Takar-2-0 t ha^-1 dolomite (29%). Singly, the highest pathogenicity of S. rolfsii was found on Takar-2, while Hypoma-2, Jerapah, Talam-2, Talam-3 & Bison were more resistant. Dolomite dosage singly was only affecting the growth and the percentage of filled pods. The highest filled pods were on 10 t ha^-1 dolomite, however if the increase to 20 t ha^-1 dolomite had insignificant effect to enhance filled pods. These results indicated that resistant-high-yielding variety of peanut is most likely to survive stem disease and being productive in peatland enriched with proper amount of dolomite.

Keywords: Stem rot disease, Sclerotium rolfsii, Peatland, Acidity, Pathogenicity

Yulnafatmawita Yulnafatmawita*, Hermansah Hermansah, Ratih Purwaningsih, Zainal Abdul Haris

Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Andalas, Padang, Indonesia

Abstract

Soil erosion is a kind of the worst soil degradation phenomenon in the world which could be due to soil mismanagement. The research aimed to predict the amount of soil erosion and to find out the alternative controlling techniques was conducted at sugarcane plantation in Lawang, Agam Regency and soil laboratory of Universitas Andalas, Padang, Indonesia. Soil sampling was taken at 5 slopes (0-8%, 8-15%, 15-25%, 25-40%, and >40%). Soil parameters were collected and analyzed at field and laboratory to get soil erodibility data. Soil erosivity was calculated based on rainfall data in that area from the last 10 years. Soil erosion was predicted using USLE formula and tolerated erosion using Hamer concept. The results showed that eroded soil increased by steeper slope from 0 to 40%. The predicted soil erosion was higher than the tolerated one for each slope level except under rather flat area (0-8% slope). The erosion hazard level in the research site belonged to low (for 0-8% slope), medium (for 8-15%), and high (for >15% slope). Therefore, alternative techniques should be introduced to control the erosion, among which were soil hummock for all slope levels and terraces for steep slopes. Constructing traditional terrace at area having 8-15% slope, and perfect bench terrace at area having >15% slope would decrease the actual erosion from 34.73 to 18.52 t/ha/y (at 8-15% slope), from 147.4 to 6.55 t/ha/y (at 15-25% slope), from 415.4 to 18.46 t/ha/y(at 25-45% slope), and from 203.2 to 18.04 t/ha/y (at >40% slope).

Keywords: Conservation techniques, Predicted erosion, Slope, Sugarcane plantation, Wet tropical region

Kamaruzaman K, Irniza Rasdi*
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

Abstract

The aim of this study was to show that the presence of mosquito predators in the ecosystem decreased the incidence of dengue cases. Data was obtained by daily inspection of 85 Aedes mosquito potential breeding point at 15 dengue outbreak hotspot localities with at least one mosquito predator present at the locality and the VEKPRO programme used in the monitoring of dengue cases in Malaysia. The mosquito predators identified were dragonfly, dragonfly nymph, gambushia fish, tadpole and frog. The study was done at the district of Petaling from 4th January, 2015 to 4th July 2015. The results show that the presence of mosquito predators hinder the breeding of Aedes mosquito in the ecosystem which is related to a decrease in dengue cases
Keywords: Aedes mosquito, Aedes larvae, Dengue cases, Mosquito predators, Breeding point

Noor Shaeda Ismail1, Irniza Rasdi*1, Emilia Zainal Abidin1, Sarva Mangala Praveena1
1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

Abstract

Calcium carbide (CaC2) is used as a chemical fruits ripening agent. A specific amount of phosphine gas (PH3) released from the CaC2 reaction with moisture is known to be toxic to respiratory system. This study was carried out to evaluate the potential risk of the CaC2 and PH3 among mango farmers and fruit sellers. The sample size was 200 respondents recruited by universal sampling in Perak, Kedah and Perlis. The procedure to perform chemical health risk assessment (CHRA) was based on the Use and Standard of Exposure of Chemical Hazards to Health Regulations 2000. The permissible exposure limit for PH3 is 0.3 ppm 8. The average TWA for carbide wrapping and ripening in the farm (C) and at the fruit stall (D) was 0.033 ppm while for sales activities at the fruit stall (E) was 0.017 ppm. Thus, the magnitude rating for C and D was ≥ 0.1 O.E.L but < 0.5 O.E.L and for E was < 0.1 O.E.L. It was found that for respondents who were directly involved with the ripening process, the risk is significant for both CaC2 and PH3 and the risk were also found significant for those who were not involved directly with these chemicals such as staffs who only involved in sales especially in fruit stall. This study will be beneficial to famers where it can be used for them to understand the effect of carbide to human health and to increase awareness on the health impact of the use of CaC2 to workers.
Keywords: Calcium carbide, phosphine, Risk assessment

Umi Raihana Abdul Rahman, Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail*, Emilia Zainal Abidin, Sarva Mangala Praveena
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia

Abstract

Landfill leachate contains many contaminants and it has been a concern due to its toxicity to the environment. This study aims to measure the heavy metals concentration (Cu, Cd, Pb, Ni and As) and physicochemical characteristic of the crude leachate discharged from municipal waste landfill. Leachate samples from a young landfill (less than five years old) and old landfill (10 years of age) were analysed for its physicochemical properties and heavy metals to the Malaysian wastewater standards and other international standards. Samples were analysed for heavy metals analysis using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) Optima 8300. The physicochemical characteristics of the leachate in young landfill were significantly higher (p< 0.05) than the old landfill. Cu (0.0265 ± 0.0007 mg/l) and Ni (0.1773 ± 0.0004mg/l). Significant relationship between physicochemical characteristic with Pb. From the results it was concluded that physicochemical characteristics and heavy metals showed that both landfill leachates had significant difference except for Cd, Pb and As.
Keywords: Municipal solid waste, Leachate, Landfill, Physicochemical properties, Heavy metals