Fatima Aslam Bhatti^1*, Muhammad Naveed¹, Hafiz Naeem Asghar¹, Shahzad MA Basra², Wajid Ishaque³

¹Institute of Soil & Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad-38040, Faisalabad, Pakistan

²Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan

³Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), P.O. Box 128, Jhang Road Faisalabad, Pakistan

*Corresponding author’s email: fatimaaslambhatti@gmail.com

Received: 07 September 2025 / Revised: 03 November 2025 / Accepted: 11 November 2025 / Published Online: 19 November 2025

Abstract

Endophytic diazotrophic bacteria from non-host crops represent a promising source for developing novel bioinoculants. This study isolated and characterized nitrogen-fixing bacteria from the leaves and twigs of Populus euphratica and assessed their ability to colonize and promote growth in Wheat. From fifty-two isolates obtained on nitrogen-free media, five potent strains—identified by 16S rRNA sequencing as Beijerinckia fluminensis FA-7, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia FA-9, Pseudomonas aeruginosa FA-16, Klebsiella pneumoniae FA-4, and Enterobacter cloacae FA-8 were selected for their nitrogen fixation and plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits. These strains exhibited multiple PGP activities, including phosphate solubilization, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production, and the production of siderophores and exopolysaccharides. In growth chamber and wirehouse experiments under varying nitrogen regimes [full (N+), limiting (N-), and zero (N0)], all strains enhanced at least one wheat growth parameter. Notably, Beijerinckia fluminensis FA-7 significantly improved early growth, nutrient uptake, and root architecture—increasing root length, surface area, and fine root development—as confirmed by WinRhizo analysis. Our findings demonstrate that endophytic diazotrophs from Populus can successfully colonize wheat and enhance its growth, highlighting their potential as effective microbial inoculants for agriculture.

Keywords: Endophytes, PGPR, Driazotroph, Nitrogen fixation, Wheat

Muhammad Yusuf^1*, Sigit Bintara², Widjiati Widjiati ³, Athhar Manabi Diansyah¹, Sahiruddin Sahiruddin¹, Masturi Masturi ¹, Kurniawan Dwi Prihantoko², Aeni Nurlatifah², Suryo Kuncorojakti³, Suhernik Susilowati³, Tulus Maulana⁴, Syahruddin Said⁴

¹Faculty of Animal Science, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km. 10 Tamalanrea Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

²Faculty of Animal Science, Gadjah Mada University, Depok, Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

³Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Campus C, Mulyorejo St., Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia

⁴Research Center for Applied Zoology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Raya Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia

*Corresponding author’s email: myusuf@unhas.ac.id

Received: 06 August 2025 / Revised: 11 October 2025 / Accepted: 14 October 2025 / Published Online: 18 November 2025

Abstract

Reproductive efficiency in livestock can be enhanced through sperm sexing technologies; however, conventional methods such as flow cytometry are expensive, technically demanding, and impractical for field use. Simpler, affordable, and biologically validated alternatives are crucial, especially for indigenous breeds like Bali cattle. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a freeze-dried albumin (egg white) gradient (10%–30%) method for separating X- and Y-bearing spermatozoa in Bali bulls, alongside proteomic profiling to confirm the biological distinctiveness of each fraction. Semen from three mature Bali bulls (Bos javanicus) (n = 3; 5 ejaculates per bull; total 15 ejaculates) underwent separation via the freeze-dried albumin gradient. Sperm quality and kinematic parameters were analyzed using Computer-Assisted Sperm Analysis (CASA), while morphometric assessment estimated sexed sperm proportions. Proteomic analysis using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was followed by gene ontology enrichment, hierarchical clustering, and Pearson correlation, with identified proteins validated against literature. The method enriched X-spermatozoa in the upper layer (69.67%) and Y-spermatozoa in the lower layer (73.50%), with significant differences p < 0.05 in motility, viability, and membrane integrity. Proteomics identified 418 proteins, including 45 unique to X-sperm and 159 unique to Y-sperm. GO enrichment linked X-sperm proteins to nuclear and structural roles, while Y-sperm proteins were associated with mitochondrial and motility processes. Clustering distinctly separated the two sperm types, and several proteins correlated strongly with functional traits. Literature validation confirmed sex-specific markers.  This method represents a low-cost, biologically validated alternative for practical sperm sexing in Bali cattle, combining sperm quality assessment with proteomics to support sex-preferential breeding

Keywords: Bali bull, Bos javanicus, Sperm sexing, Albumin gradient, Proteomics, Sex-specific proteins

Wandee Wattanachaiyingcharoen^1,2*, Patcharapun Wanitsumran¹, Kaweecha Saewa³, Det Wattanachaiyingcharoen^2,3,4

¹Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand

²Center of Excellence for Biodiversity, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand

³Agriculture and Environmental Integration Research and Development Unit, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand

⁴Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand

*Corresponding author’s email: wandeew@nu.ac.th

Received: 06 July 2025 / Revised: 07 October 2025 / Accepted: 11 October 2025 / Published Online: 30 October 2025

Abstract

Insect pests, especially various sucking insects, present significant threat to rice production worldwide including Thailand. This research remarks, for the first time, the occurrence of the white-spotted stink bug (Eysarcoris ventralis Westwood, 1837) in rice fields in northern Thailand. We conducted surveys in 304 rice fields across 12 provinces, collecting data on cultivation practices, water management systems, and rice growth stages, while also recording samples of both nymphs and adult rice pests. The surveys revealed that 26.64% of rice fields were infested by E. ventralis. Morphological analysis confirmed the insect is a member of the genus Eysarcoris, family Pentatomidae. Broadcasting rice fields reported an infestation level at 70.37%, while irrigated rice fields showed a 77.78% of infestation. Ecological factors, such as high moisture, dense plantings, and continuous planting create a favorable condition for the spread of this insect. The susceptible stages of rice are the booting and heading stages. During these stages, both nymphs and adults feed on leaves, stems, and especially developing grains This feeding results in damaged seeds and reduced yields. Six surrounding grass weeds were also found to be alternative host plants for development and off-season survival. Our results emphasize the significance of the white-spotted stink bug, E. ventralis, as a new emerging insect pest of rice in Thailand.

Keywords: White-spotted stink bug, Eysarcoris ventralis, Insect pest infestation, Rice insect pest, Sporadic pest

Titi Juhaeti¹*, Mutiara K. Pitaloka¹, Fitri Fatma Wardani^1,3, Kartika Ning Tyas¹, Inggit Puji Astuti¹, Ria Cahyaningsih², Iin Pertiwi A. Husaini¹, Syamsul Hidayat², Alifah Nur Hayati³, and Siti Vanessa Aisyah⁴

¹Research Center for Applied Botany, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Raya Jakarta Bogor km 46 Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia 16911

²Research Center for Biota Systems, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Raya Jakarta Bogor km 46 Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia 16911

³Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University, Jl Meranti Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor, Indonesia 16680

⁴Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Padang State University, Kota Padang, Indonesia

*Corresponding author’s email: titi002@brin.go.id

Received: 04 June 2025 / Revised: 26 September 2025 / Accepted: 11 October 2025 / Published Online: 23 October 2025

Abstract

Physiological traits such as photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal conductance (g_sw), and intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) are influenced by photosynthetically active radiation (PAR); however, their specific effects on individual plant species remain insufficiently studied. The objective of this study was to evaluate A, g_sw, and iWUE in young and mature leaves under varying PAR levels (400, 1000, and 1600 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹) across six Indonesian medicinal plants: Dalbergia latifolia (DL), Murraya koenigii (MK), Murraya paniculata (MP), Syzygium cumini (SC), Syzygium polyanthum (SP), and Swietenia mahagoni (SM), to better understand their light-intensity tolerance for cultivation purposes. Data analysis revealed that A was significantly affected by species, leaf age, and PAR, whereas g_sw and iWUE were influenced only by species and PAR (α = 0.01). The results highlight the broad adaptability of M. koenigii, which may perform well across a wide range of light conditions. In contrast, S. cumini, D. latifolia, and S. mahagoni appear to be more shade-tolerant, while M. paniculata and S. polyanthum seem better adapted to high-light environments, potentially favoring drier habitats due to their elevated iWUE under intense light. Collectively, these findings provide valuable insights to guide sustainable cultivation and conservation strategies for Indonesia’s medicinal plant resources.

Keywords: Intrinsic water use efficiency, Leaf age, PAR, Photosynthesis, Stomatal conductance

Reuben Riley Rampersad¹, Yougasphere Naidoo¹, Jeffrey Lebepe ^1,2*

¹School of Life Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, South Africa

²Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa

*Corresponding author’s emails: Jeffrey.Lebepe@smu.ac.za; jlebepe@yahoo.com

Received: 20 July 2025 / Revised: 10 September 2025 / Accepted: 24 September 2025 / Published Online: 22 October 2025

Abstract

Chlorella sp. has garnered attention as a sustainable feedstock to produce bioactive compounds with potential applications in energy, pharmaceuticals, and agricultural sectors. The commercial viability and sector expansion require a streamlined cultivation process. The chemical nutrient media utilized remain a bottleneck and contribute appreciably to the downstream costs. The study aimed to develop a cheaper and environmentally friendly technique for culturing Chlorella sorokiniana UTEX 1230 using goat manure waste. The nitrified air-dried goat manure was aerobically fermented with efficient microbes to augment the nutrient bioavailability. The biomass concentration, biomass productivity, and specific growth rate of C. sorokiniana UTEX 1230 were significantly higher in GME10% compared to commercial M8 medium. Moreover, the doubling time was significantly lower for GME10% medium compared to the commercial M8. Carbohydrates were found to be higher in commercial M8, whereas protein content was higher in GME10%. The carbohydrate and protein content showed a clear association with nitrogen concentration in the media, which confirms the role of nitrogen in the synthesis of carbohydrates and proteins in microalgae. These findings provide an insight into the possibility of using animal wastes such as goat manure as a surrogate culturing medium for C. sorokiniana. The GME medium is environmentally friendly, as it enhances sustainability by recycling nutrients and reducing the nutrient input costs associated with microalgae biotechnology.

Keywords: Goat manure extract, Nitrogen, Microalgae, Carbohydrates, Protein

Achira Artnaseaw¹, Ariya Santaweesuk², Apichart Artnaseaw^3*

¹Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand

²Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand

³Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand

*Corresponding author’s email: aapich@kku.ac.th

Received: 18 July 2025 / Revised: 11 October 2025 / Accepted: 15 October 2025 / Published Online: 22 October 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the anaerobic co-digestion of thermochemically pretreated pig manure and Napier grass under mesophilic conditions, focusing on kinetic analysis and the effects of total solids concentration and PM/NG ratio on methane production. PM was treated with 5% Ca(OH)₂ at 70 °C for seven days, while NG was immersed in 0.6% NaOH at 90 °C for two hours. A series of 30-day batch experiments was conducted using a laboratory-scale setup to evaluate cumulative methane yield (CMY) as the principal performance metric. Experimental conditions included five PM/NG mixing ratios (1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, 0:1) and three TS levels (3%, 5%, and 7%). Methane production exhibited a typical sigmoidal profile comprising a lag phase (3–10 days), an exponential production phase, and a plateau phase. The average methane content was 64.27%. The highest daily methane production rate (29.27 mL/g VS/day) and maximum CMY (210.47 mL/g VS) were recorded at a 1:1 PM/NG ratio and 3% TS. Four kinetic models (Modified Gompertz, Cone, Logistic, and Richards) were applied to evaluate predictive performance. Among them, the Modified Gompertz and Cone models provided the most accurate fits (R² > 0.995; lowest RMSE), effectively capturing the sigmoidal nature of methane production.

Keywords: Methane production, Anaerobic co-digestion, Kinetic model, Napier grass, Pig manure

Budi Utomo^1*, Rimayanti Rimayanti¹, Sri Mulyati¹, Tjuk Imam Restiadi¹, Nurul Khaeriyah Amrullah², Faheem Ahmed Khan³, Syahruddin Said⁴, Santoso Santoso⁵, Athhar Manabi Diansyah⁶, Muhammad Rizal⁷, Rahmat Rahmat⁷, Muhammad Fajar Amrullah⁸, Fuad Hasan⁹, Aeni Nurlatifah¹⁰

¹Division of Veterinary Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, City of Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia

²Bachelor program of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, City of Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia

³Department of Transfusion Medicine and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

⁴Research Center for Applied Zoology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, Jl. Raya Jakarta, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia

⁵Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, Jl. Raya Jakarta, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia

⁶Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Science, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km. 10 Tamalanrea Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

⁷Faculty of Agriculture, Lambung Mangkurat University, Jl. Jenderal Ahmad Yani Km. 36 Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan, Indonesia

⁸Doctoral Program of Animal Biomedical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Bogor Agricultural University, Jl. Agatis, Kampus IPB Darmaga Bogor, Indonesia

⁹Animal Science Study Program, Faculty ofAgriiculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia

¹⁰Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, Gadjah Mada University, Depok, Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

*Corresponding author’s email: budi-u-2@fkh.unair.ac.id

Received: 13 August 2025 / Revised: 11 October 2025 / Accepted: 14 October 2025 / Published Online: 21 October 2025

Abstract

Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) play a vital role in Indonesian livestock systems, but artificial insemination (AI) programs are often hindered by the decline in semen quality after cryopreservation. This study aimed to evaluate post-thawed semen performance and genetic variability among Toraja, Kalsel, and Silangit buffalo bulls, with the goal of identifying phenotypic and molecular traits linked to cryotolerance. A total of 60 frozen semen straws (20 per bull) were assessed for motility, viability, membrane integrity, and acrosome integrity using computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) and functional assays. Genomic DNA obtained from blood samples was subjected to PCR amplification of candidate fertility genes (OPN, IGF-1, LHβ, SPAG11B, and TNP1), followed by sequence analysis to identify nucleotide mutations and deduced amino acid substitutions. Results showed that Silangit bulls had significantly greater viability (81.49%) and membrane integrity (89.70%) than Toraja and Kalsel bulls (p < 0.001), suggesting superior tolerance to freezing. All breeds displayed conserved G+C content (55–62%), but mutation patterns varied: OPN mutations appeared only in Toraja bulls, while LHβ and TNP1 showed higher mutation frequencies in Silangit bulls. Correlation tests revealed positive associations between LHβ mutations and sperm viability/straightness (r = 0.999–1.000, p < 0.05), while variations in OPN and SPAG11B were negatively linked to motility, acrosome integrity, and survival. These findings indicate that semen cryotolerance differences among buffalo breeds are influenced by specific genetic variations. Despite a limited sample size and narrow genomic coverage, the study highlights the value of integrating semen quality analysis with genomic tools for sire selection and improving AI success in native buffalo populations.

Keywords: Buffalo bulls, Post-thawed semen quality, Cryopreservation, Genomic variation, Indigenous breeds

Jatuporn Teanma¹, Yingluck Kanchanaroeak^2*, Apipong Putkham¹, Tawatchai Tanee^1,3, Angsuma Kanchak⁴, Metta Kengchuwong⁴, Ajchara Imkum Putkham⁵, Polpreecha Chidburee⁶, Piemjit Muangkot³

¹Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand

²College of Interdisciplinary Studies, Thammasat University, Lampang 52190, Thailand

³One Health Research Unit, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44150, Thailand

⁴Faculty of Science and Technology, Rajabhat Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand

⁵Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand

⁶Faculty of Engineering, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand

*Corresponding author’s email: yinglukk@yahoo.com

Received: 13 June 2025 / Revised: 02 October 2025 / Accepted: 11 October 2025 / Published Online: 20 October 2025

Abstract

Shifting cultivation is often scrutinized for its environmental impacts, yet its role in providing ecosystem services remains poorly quantified. This study’s objective was to measure and compare key regulating services across a land-use gradient in highland Thailand, including monoculture maize, active cultivation (upland rice), 3-year fallow, and conservation forest. Field and laboratory experiments assessed soil erosion, gaseous pollutants, Particulate Matter with diameter of less than 2.5 μm (PM_2.5) emissions, and particulate capture capacity. Results reveal that monoculture maize demonstrated severe soil degradation, with high sediment in runoff (2.39 g/L) and poor water infiltration (94.75%). Conversely, the 3-year fallow plot showed significant recovery, with erosion dropping to 0.90 g/L and infiltration rising to 97.28%. Furthermore, while burning for cultivation releases particulates, the fallow landscape provides a powerful counter-service, with vegetation sequestering an average of 22.95 kg of suspended particulates per rai. This research provides clear quantitative evidence that traditional shifting cultivation, with adequate fallow periods, functions as a resilient system whose regulating services can mitigate its own disturbances. These findings challenge one-dimensional views of the practice and argue for land policies that recognize and integrate the profound ecological value of managed agro-ecosystems

Keywords: Shifting cultivation, Land-use planning, Regulating ecosystem services, Erosion control, Gaseous air pollutants

Md. Mamunur Rashid¹, Asmaul Hussna Mim¹, Ahnaf Akif Turjo¹, Md. Mominur Rahman¹, Md. Shafiqul Islam Sikdar¹, Shams Shaila Islam¹, Thanet Khomphet^2,3*

¹Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, 5200, Bangladesh

²Department of Agricultural Technology, School of Agricultural Technology and Food Industry, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand

³Herbology Research Center, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand

*Corresponding author’s email: thanet.kh@mail.wu.ac.th

Received: 10 July 2025 / Accepted: 24 September 2025 / Published Online: 11 October 2025

Abstract

Mungbean production in Bangladesh is seriously constrained by poor germination, weak seedling establishment, delayed emergence, and a high susceptibility to early-stage stress, resulting in lower yield potential. To overcome these limitations, a study was conducted from February to June 2023 at the Department of Agronomy, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Bangladesh. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of various seed priming techniques on germination, growth and yield of mungbean. Three varieties BARI Mung-6, BARI Mung-7, and BARI Mung-8 were tested with five priming methods: control (without primed), hydropriming, halopriming (2% NaCl), and hormonal priming using gibberellic acid (GA₃) at 100 and 200 ppm. The germination test followed a completely randomized design using petri dish and plastic pots, while field trials used a randomized complete block design with three replications. GA₃ at 200 ppm significantly enhanced germination percentage, germination index, plant height, branch number, biomass, seedling vigor, and yield components such as pods plant^–1, pod length, seeds pod^–1, 1,000-seed weight, and overall yield. The highest yield (565.67 kg ha⁻¹) was observed in BARI Mung-7 primed with GA₃ at 200 ppm. In contrast, 2% NaCl priming produced the lowest performance, with BARI Mung-6 yielding only 33.33 kg ha⁻¹. The results suggest that BARI Mung-7, when primed with GA₃ at 200 ppm for 24 hours, is optimal for improving mungbean production under the studied conditions.

Keywords: Seed priming, Gibberellic acid, Seed germination, Mungbean, PCA

Warin Wonok¹, Tawatchai Tanee², Runglawan Sudmoon³, Kittiya Silawong⁴, Sakda Daduang⁵, Sanit Kaewdaungdee¹, Shiou Yih Lee^6,7, Unchaleeporn Ameamsri¹*, Arunrat Chaveerach¹*

¹Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Thailand

²Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahasarakham University, Thailand

³Faculty of Law, Khon Kaen University, Thailand

⁴Department in Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bansomdejchaopraya Rajabhat University, Thailand

⁵Division of Pharmacognosy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand

⁶Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University, Nilai, 71800 Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

⁷Faculty of Health Sciences, Shinawatra University, Pathum Thani 12160, Thailand

*Corresponding author’s email: raccha@kku.ac.th; ameamsri@gmail.com

Received: 15 July 2025 / Accepted: 22 September 2025 / Published Online: 10 October 2025

Abstract

Thunbergia grandiflora and T. laurifolia, an ornamental and traditional plants, closely related were investigated. Phytochemical analysis revealed that oleamide and phytol were present in high relative percentages. The respective amounts and concentrations by GC-FID of these two compounds were 0.031 mg/g and 0.016 mg/mL for T. laurifolia and 0.030 mg/g and 0.015 mg/mL for T. grandiflora. Toxicity tests, including MTT and comet assays at cyto-and genotoxicity, indicated the safety of the plant extracts for consumption, as supported by their LD₅₀ values. The detoxification properties of T. grandiflora and its combination with T. laurifolia showed more potential than T. laurifolia alone. The MTT results indicated a slight increase in cell viability for the combination (85-91%), T. grandiflora (83-90%), and T. laurifolia (81-82%), compared to the poisoned control cells. Additionally, the comet assay demonstrated increased activity in healing poison-exposed cells, with shorter DNA tails (OTM values) observed in the single plant extracts and the combination compared to the controls. These findings suggest that T. grandiflora and the two-plant combination are a more effective choice for detoxification than T. laurifolia alone. Regarding cytokine gene expression, both IL-10 and TGF-β gene expression with a PHA stimulant were slightly higher in each individual plant species than in the combination. The study suggests this may be beneficial for anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory purposes due to the observed decrease in cytokine expression. Overall, these results support the use of the two plants both individually and in combination.

Keywords: Thunbergia grandiflora, Thunbergia laurifolia, Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)